Globalisation

Travel

hiểu lẫn nhau
They share a view that acceptance of each others cultural backgroundwith better mutual understanding, they take the same position on many issues visitors from different countries increase their knowledge of a local culturethe exchange of essential information like know-how|knowledge and technologies will be tremendously prompted|encouraged|triggered|stimulatedremoves communication|language|cultural barriersavoid communication misunderstandingi
ncrease their knowledge of a local culture
theo thời gianover time|in due course,with the passing of time
sự xa cách, khác biệt
Differences in social background, cultural values and religious beliefbring cultural conflict
they have no knowledge of rules and conventionsforeign visitors repel|repulse the local community with their scant|limited|scarce regard for the local environment and conventions when they first arrive


bảo tồn văn hóa
cultural preservationcultural protectionthe maintenance|protection|preservation|upholding of key historical sites
the preservation of a culturepreservation of cultural characteristics|identitiesaiding the conservation|protection|preservation of their features.
for the conservation of natural and cultural resources

cung cấp tiền cho
Providing economic incentives
financial support will flood in formoney has been subsequently directed toward tourism income contributes to...
raising financing

nổi tiếng toàn thế giới
make an indigenous|original culture known to the worldassisting this site to gain international fame|reputation|recognition

khách du lịch quốc tế
international|transnational|foreign visitors|tourists
visitors from all over the world
visitors from different countries|nationsvisitors travelling abroad|overseas

người dân bản địa
the locals
the local people
the local inhabitants
the local community

người nhập cư
immigrants
attracting skilled workforce from all over the world to settle

hòa nhập văn hóa bản địa
(adopting/blending to/accepting/observing/merging into|blending into|integrating into) local traditions/conventions/customs/culture
integrating into a new society/environment

ảnh hưởng tiêu cực của global language
learners drop their native languages|mother tonguesa cause of the loss of language diversityover time put many minority cultures on the verge of extinction

ảnh hưởng của media/governments/economic values
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>> economically motivated: cả entrepreneurs cũng đi du lịch + promote multi-cultural understanding

The first reason why international|transnational travels would never bring conflict is rooted in|based on the fact that both visitors and locals are economically motivated. International travel opens up opportunities for business development throughout the world. Entrepreneurs|Tycoons are interested not only in the domestic market but also in the oversea market. Foreigners should learn the culture of a country before winning over the local people. In turn, locals should show their hospitality to visitors in exchange for their trust. They share a view that acceptance of each others cultural background is a necessary condition for cooperation.

>> tourism income

Providing economic incentives for cultural preservation is unarguably|undeniably|unquestionably one of the main contributions of tourism. To many tourists, culture and history are what they first consider when choosing a destination|place|site. Their mindset has been recognised by many tourism sites and money has been subsequently directed toward cultural protection, including the maintenance|protection|preservation|upholding of key historical sites. Tourism is therefore one of the primary forces contributing to the preservation of a culture.

>> preservation of cultural characteristics to develop tourism

When a country tends to develop a closer relationship|interaction|communication|tie with the rest of the world, it does not necessarily give up its culture. Culture is not a disgrace to but an asset of a country. An indigenous|native|original culture can distinguish one country from others, attracting foreign visitors and yielding high income. As most tourists travel abroad for learning different cultures and sampling different ways of life, such as Beijing opera in China, Japanese tea culture and Thai temples, many countries have responded with protecting and preserving their cultural identities, in an effort to keep themselves in the list of the most popular destinations. Increased tourism instills fresh life force|essence into these countries, aiding the conservation|protection|preservation of their features.

>> international cooperation to preserve historical sites|events|cuisine

In addition to raising financing, tourism can make an indigenous|original culture known to the world and rally support|come together worldwide to protect it. When a historic site or a site that shows a country’s cultural heritage is made accessible to the public, visitors from all over the world will soon flock there. They will share their experience in the local culture with their friends and families once they return home, assisting this site to gain international fame|reputation|recognition. Both financial and technological support will flood in for the conservation of natural and cultural resources.

>> remove cultural barriers

Understanding a culture has other implications. Differences in social background, cultural values and religious belief might make the discrepancy|difference|divergence of foreigners and local inhabitants on some issues indelible|permanent; however, the higher interaction, the higher level of communication and understanding. Arabians, for example, used to consider westerners as their foes|rivals. Now they have concrete|solid relations with their western allies in many fields. In the initial stage, their divergence seemed inherent but over time|in due course, with better mutual understanding, they take the same position on many issues.

>> remove communication|language barriers

The rise of a global language is a facilitator of cross-cultural communication and the communication between people with different language backgrounds. In different areas of global communication, such as science and news, recognising a common language removes communication barriers and increases convenience. On many formal occasions, English, as a working language, boosts efficiency and avoids misunderstanding. Likewise, the exchange of essential information like know-how|knowledge and technologies will be tremendously prompted|encouraged|triggered|stimulated.

>> problems related to environment and conventions

Undeniably, it is likely that in some resorts, foreign visitors repel|repulse the local community with their scant|limited|scarce regard for the local environment and conventions when they first arrive. However, it should be noted that most offense is accidental, rather than intentional. Instead, visitors disobey rules and conventions simply because they have no knowledge of them. This situation is expected to be improved with the passing of time when visitors from different countries increase their knowledge of a local culture.

>> reshaping the perceptions|views|opinions, beliefs and norms

In addition to seizing control over those creative industries, global entertainment companies affect cultural diversity by reshaping the perceptions, beliefs and norms of ordinary citizens in different countries. Most of the cultural values and ideals promoted by the leading mainstream media are of American origin. American culture values individuality, maximisation of one's benefits and material wealth, rather than communal life and family solidarity|cohesion|unity, the values and norms previously treasured in many Asian countries. Unfortunately, many Asian people now imitate American people, causing the alteration of their perceptions of family. This radical change can be attributed to those movies and TV programmes that portray the success of American individuals or corporations.

>> narrow sense of ways of life

The loss of media diversity is also responsible for people’s narrow sense of ways of life. The ruling class of many countries speaks English, favours Western food, wears Western-style jackets and even prefers Western weddings. Young people are captivated by|be obsessed with|be addicted to|be keen on|be enthusiastic about American basketball and some even daubing|painting the names of NBA stars on their school sweatsuits. All these transformations in life are the result of the audience’s exposure to Hollywood movies, TV shows and sports reports. The loss of media diversity will lead to degradation of culture and to a minimisation of cultural diversity. It is a worrying trend, as people need cultural diversity to preserve and pass on their valuable heritage to future generations, including lifestyle.

>> a handful of giant corporations control large sectors of media market

The dominance of international media is a sign of Western cultural imperialism and has the potential to thwart|ruin|prevent cultural diversity. It is not a secret that international media is owed and operated by a handful of| a small number of giant corporations, such as Time Warner. They control large sectors of the media market and place national media companies at risk. The contraction|The reduction in the number of media owners will cause a proportional|relative reduction in the variety of programmes broadcasted. For example, painting, music and movies accessible in the media have a small number of genres, imposing restraints on one’s knowledge of artworks of different cultural backgrounds.

>> invasion of foreign cultures

While tourism provides a driving force for cultural conversation, some components of a culture, such as traditions, customs or taboos might die out over time. It seems that in some countries, the locals have become more accustomed to exotic|bizarre cultures. It reflects the combined effects of the invasion of foreign cultures, either through media or through direct business interaction. For example, two decades ago, sex was a taboo|offensive|disgraceful subject in China and most Chinese people felt embarrassed to talk openly about it. Over time the Western culture has permeated|leaked into|pervaded into the Chinese lifestyle, and the Chinese people have broken many of their time-honoured|long-established|age-old traditions. It occurs in the rest of the world as well.

>> an insult to the local culture

On the negative side, tourism develops sometimes at the expense of|at the cost of part of culture, food, festivals, costumes and other stimulating elements of a culture are highlighted to entertain|amuse tourists, constituting an insult|an offence to the locals and causing damage to the unique nature of a culture. Moreover, cultural commercialisation has made the sacred elements of a culture commonplace|ordinary and tourists are encouraged to attach little importance to a unique tradition, which cannot be found elsewhere.

>> interacting with locals

Most immigrants, at the first stage of their life in a new country, are faced with merging into|blending into|integrating into the new culture and integrating into the new society. Accepting the local culture by observing the local traditions is a good starting point|basis. Doing so enables immigrants to interact with locals, especially in the workplace, where locals predominantly work. For example, in Western culture, people customarily|routinely|regularly keep a certain distance from each other when having a conversation, whereas in some other cultures, the closeness|proximity|nearness of physical distance is taken as a sign of mutual trust. Examples of this kind are many. A migrant to a new country should recognise the differences and observe local conventions. It will help avoid embarrassment and bring a sense of comfort.

>> follow their individual culture traditions

While adopting local customs and blending into the local culture, migrants can follow their individual cultural traditions. The coexistence of different minority communities in a country benefits both immigrants and locals. On the one hand, it enables immigrants to counteract|offset|neutralise|counter the stress that results from culture shock and to increase confidence in their residence in a new country. On the other, the flourishing|booming of different cultures contributes to the establishment of a multi-cultural environment, a prerequisite|requirement|condition for attracting skilled workforce from all over the world to settle.

>> non-english-speakers' linguistic proficiency

One might argue that the rise of a global language would endanger other languages, in a belief that an increasing number of people have turned to English as their first language. This viewpoint is flawed. The spread of global English has little, if any, influence on non-English-speakers’ language proficiency. People might be motivated to learn English as a foreign language but do not necessarily drop their native languages|mother tongues  because learning beginner or intermediate level English is sufficient for day-to-day communication.

>> the loss of language diversity

The dominance of English as a global language is. Therefore, not a cause of the loss of language diversity. Its negative effect is reflected mainly in cultural imperialism. As international media recognises English as its root language, most of the broadcasted information is related to the lifestyle, norms and beliefs of English-speaking countries. It might over time put many minority cultures on the verge of extinction, when those ethnic groups gradually adopt the Western culture. The effects of shrinking cultural diversity are destructive|damaging|devastating, causing people to live in a simple and monotonous world and think and act in similar ways.

Perishable items|agricultural products' import and export >> international trade

>> the development of the freight transport industry makes available at an affordable cost

At first, it is important to note that contrary to popular belief, imports are now increasingly affordable to the general population. Thanks to the rapid development of the freight transport industry, air travel has become an economical mode of transport, resulting in the subsequent decrease in the cost of importing. Meanwhile, technical advance in the food processing industry has made it much easier to preserve fresh fruits and vegetables over a long-haul air flight. Because of the wide availability of imported crops, there arc more varieties|selections in the food market, leading to the drop in the price of imports. The supply of products in the market is less likely to be influenced by seasonal factors, and an adequate intake of nutrition is guaranteed for the general population throughout the year.

>> win-win situation, exporting products with competitive advantages

Another fact to note is that import and export normally go hand in hand|inseparable, and a country that imports goods from other countries does not necessarily suffer a loss. Trade is not unilateral|one-sided but bilateral. Some countries are noted for an agrarian economy, while others specialise in manufacturing industrial products. Countries differ in their product structures because they have dissimilar natural resources, climates, and geographical features. By adopting an enlightened|liberal|open-minded policy and promoting trade activities with other countries, a country can facilitate the exchange of goods, services and capital with the rest of the world and promote economic development.

On the negative side, some countries might become addicted to importing goods and overlook|ignore|neglect the possibility of developing a self-contained|self-sufficient|self-reliant economy. Scarcity of resource or lack of technology might disable a country from producing crops to feed its population, but it cannot be taken as an excuse for relying heavily on imports. Government funding in scientific research can make it possible to achieve a breakthrough and increase the yield|harvest, thereby resolving food supply crisis.