Urban and Rural

Đô thị hóa
Urbanisation/urban sprawl/urban development

dân số tăng 
Population growth= accommodate an ever-growing populationa high population in suburbs

thiếu cơ sở vật chấtinfrastructure shortageFacility shortage

poor conditions o f buildings

Lack of amenities|facilities|services
VD: water and electricity supply，waste disposal|clearance, sewage treatment|handling

người nhập cưthe inflow|influx|arrival of new inhabitants|residents|dwellers|citizens

mất cân bằng nhân lựcthe imbalance of resource and staff 
clinics and schools are severely understaffed in rural areas, compared with their overstaffed counterparts in the city

ngoại thànhon the outskirts|suburbs|the periphery of the city
động lực phát triểngives renewed impetus|force|drive|momentum toa better pay as a recognition|acknowledgement|appreciation|respect of their contribution and also as an incentive|motivation|encouragement|inducement.
chuyển lao động từ thành thị về nông thôn
distributing the graduates from medical school and normal college, with filling those vacancies|positions|job opportunities for physicians|doctors|general practitioners|surgeons and teachers in rural communities
chất lượng cuộc sống tănghave higher expectations for  quality of life|living standard (s)|the level of comfort and wealth
------

>> an ever-growing population and lack of amenities

Population growth is widely recognised as the primary reason. The room in the city centre is so

limited that it fails to provide enough housing to accommodate an ever-growing population. Another

problem that has intensified in the inner city is infrastructure shortage and poor conditions o f buildings

Lack of amenities|facilities|services，such as water and electricity supply，waste disposal|clearance, sewage treatment|handling, to name but a few, has left no choice to urban dwellers but to resettle in the suburbs, where they have easier access to new facilities.

>> expect higher living standards with lower-density housing but larger open space

City dwellers are not always moving outward unwillingly. The continued increase in household

incomes gives renewed impetus|force|drive|momentum to urban development. People nowadays have higher expectations for  quality of life|living standard (s)|the level of comfort and wealth and a growing appetite for lower-density housing with a larger open space. It is possibly

the main reason why the real estate|housing|property market has its focus now on the outskirts|suburbs|the periphery o f the city, but not on the centre. In the meantime|Meanwhile, the affordability and ubiquity|prevalence|popularity of car ownership has made transport a less serious concern for those living in surburbs. They can commute daily between the place of work and

the place of residence with ease|effortlessly|without difficulty.

>> pollution+ lose unique qualities+ fiscal impacts on local governments associated with infrastructure construction+ injure the community spirit

The sustained expansion of cities will make a marked|considerable|noticeable impact on the society in several dimensions. The high traffic volume between suburbs and urban areas would cause severe air|atmospheric pollution and reduce the lands suitable for farming. Urban sprawl requires large developments, causing areas to lose some of their unique qualities and characteristics. From the economic perspective, the relocation of a high population in suburbs will pose adverse fiscal impacts on the local government in infrastructure construction. To those who used to live in suburbs, the inflow|influx|arrival of new inhabitants|residents|dwellers|citizens would damage|injure the community spirit and make relations between neighbours fragile.

>> provide the disadvantaged with medical and educational access + distribute the resource and staff

The first is that hospitals, clinics and schools are severely understaffed in rural areas, compared with their overstaffed counterparts in the city. The imbalance of resource and staff has chronic effects on the well-being of rural people. Lack of education or medication has made them among the most disadvantaged in a country. Allocating|Assigning|Sending|Appointing new doctors and teachers to those areas can at least provide a temporary solution. Besides, it helps address the issue of distributing the graduates from medical school and normal college, with filling those vacancies|positions|job opportunities for physicians|doctors|general practitioners|surgeons and teachers in rural communities.

>> useful for their skill enhancement

To the doctors or teachers that graduate freshly with a degree only, working in rural areas enables them to enrich work experience within the shortest possible period of time. Opportunities are scarce in the city, where numerous|countless candidates are in the race for a single position. The chance of raising standards through practice is so meagre ˈmiːgə|slim that it will over lime hamper rural practitioners’ career development and make them uncompetitive in a skill-based society. Facility shortage to many doctors in the country is an opportunity, instead of a challenge. They are in a position to rely more on clinical skills than on sophisticated equipment. For teachers, they teach with few teaching aids. All contribute to the increment of their skills.

>> volunteer rather than compulsory, breach of human rights

Despite those benefits, the place of work should be chosen by doctors or teachers themselves and compulsory assortment is not justifiable. It is not ethical to stop the desire of individuals for a more satisfying quality of life. Needless to say working in rural areas has many issues to address, working conditions, transport and housing. For this reason, those graduates who volunteer to take rural employment deserve a better pay as a recognition|acknowledgement|appreciation|respect of their contribution and also as an incentive|motivation|encouragement|inducement.